Leonabd f



(No Model.)` 2 Sheets-Sheet 1.

L. F. BBGKWITH. GONDUIT POR STEAM PIPES.v

No. 294,354. Patehted Mar. 4, 1884.

lllff/ N. PETERS. Hmmumngnphar. wnhingwn. I1 C.

2 Sheets-Sheet 2.

(No Model.)

L.A F. BBGKWITH. l

VGONDUI'I FOR STEAM P] ]ES.v

Patented Mar. 4, 1884.

' NA PETER; mwmnpapm wmingm. uc.

l the radiation from the steam-pipe.

Nimm) STATES ,PATENT Orfric'n` LEONARD F. BEOKVVIIH, -OFNEW YORK, N. Y.,ASSIGNOR TOTHE FIRE PROOF BUILDING COMPANY OF 'NEW JERSEY.

CONDUIT FOR STEAIVl-PIPES.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 94,354, dated March 4,1884.

Application filed May 31, 1883.Y (No model.)

`To all whom, it may concern.-. g

Be it known that I, LEONARD F. BEOKWITH, of the city, county, and Stateof New York, have invented a new and useful Improvement in ConduitsforSteam-Pipes, which is fully set forth in following specification.

When steam is conducted to a distance in pipes above or below ground,there is a waste of steam, loss of pressure, and production of waterarising 'from the condensation of the steam in the pipes. Thiscondensation, other things being equal, is in proportion to the de!fective insulation of the iron pipe by reason of the deficiency ofnon-conducting substancesv around it, and the study of the best systemof insulation becomes of the highest importance. In pipes underground,especially, constant dampness must be fought, in conjunction with Thelatter is usually wrapped more or less effectively in asbestus cloth,porous gray paper, Manila paper, cows-hair felt, chopped straw, andloamy earth, plaster, &c. One of the methods which has given the bestresults heretofore,

for non-conductibility has been to place the' steam-pipe thus wrappedinside of a wooden set on heavy wooden planking.

is made to obtain an air-space by a partial utilization of the spacebetween the wrapped steam-pipe and the wooden pipe; rbut it is irregularand ineffective. The objections to the wooden pipe are its uncertaintyand lack of durability under the peculiar conditions in which it isplaced of being constantly heated inside and cooled and wetted outside,its liability to checking and cracking from these causes destroying itsnon-conductibility5 and,- finally, its expense when any large steampipesare .to be covered, a twelve-inch pipe requiring a log fourteen tosixteen inches bore and about twenty-four inches outside dialneter. Logsof this size are difficult to obtain in any quantity-such as a largecity would use in street steam-heating, for exampleand are expensive inany event. Built-up pipe of heavy wooden staves, banded with iron andasphalted, have been proposed, Vbut are very defective and leaky. Theiron pipe has also been laid in a conduit built of common brick, as wellas in a wooden box lilled in around the pipe with mineral wool.,77lamp-black, powdered steatite or agalite, die. The objection to thesepowdered substances as insulating filling is that with time they settledown into a more and more compact mass, becoming thus better conductorsof heat and leaving van empty unfilled space alcove.v

y It is known that the conducting-power of terracotta or burned brick isonly about one thirty-fourth part of that of iron, and also that when itis made of a porous body, and not vitried like stoneware, itsconductibility is only somewhat more than that of some woods, while itis even less than that of others. Moreover, the poor conductibilty of alayer of air not in motionis well known,'it being from about one-thirdto one-fourth of that of pine wood, even when the latter is taken underthe most lfavorable case for it of a transmission of heat perpendicularto the'ibers. It is clear that a combination of these elements will givebrick, cement, concrete, or artificial stone, or

other suitable material containing a nonfconducting air space or spacesin each brick, and curved, so as to be easily adjusted to formingthe'circumference, which may consist of two or more bricks. The numberand shape of the tubular air-spaces may be varied indefinitely. Of thematerials named for the construction of the casing, porous terracotta ispreferred, for several reasons, to wit: itis much lighter IOO thanordinary brick, and isa much better nonthat with large cavities.

conductor of heat, and more impervious to I moisture. It is, moreover,notliable to cracking under the action of heat and moisture, as

is the case with solid or hollow brick. These properties render itpre-eminently suitable for the' purposes of this invention, and, so faras I am aware, the use of porous terra-cotta for a non-conducting andwater-proof casing has never been suggested previous to my invention.Vhile therefore I do not strictly limit myself thereto, I do make hereinspecial claim to the use of porous terra-cotta for this purpose.

The material known as porous terra-cott a7 consists of an intimatemixture of clay with combustible material of vegetable origin, which inburning is destroyed, leaving` cavities,which give the brick a porousbody like the texture of pumice-stone. The organic substances used inadmixture with the clay are sawdust, peat, coal, straw, chopped straw,tan-bark, iiax, and the like in a state of iine division. Porousterra-cotta with fine cavities is far superior to Owing to theassistance given in burning by the combustible materials mixed with theclay, the amount of fuel required to burn a kiln of porous terracotta isless than that required for burning hollow brick.

Various examples of pipe constructed in accordance with the inventionare shown in the accompanying drawings, in which- Figures l, 2, 3, 4,and 5 are transverse ver tical sections, showing differentconstructions. Figs. l, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are perspective views each of ahollow brick of the form used in the conduits shown in Figs. l, 2, 3,et, and 5, respectively; and Fig. (i, a perspective view of the conduitshown in Fig. 5.

A is the iron pipe inside, rest-ing on small segmental pieces of burnedclay C, set a few feet apart, which preserve a uniform airspace aroundit. The hollow bricks B are made of different shapes, thickness, number,and size, according to circumstances. The method of making the `jointsbetween the hollow bricks may be varied. For the joint in thecrosssection of the pipe, Figs. l, 4E show a plain joint; Figs. 2, 3, abroken joint; Figs. 5, 6, atongue-and-groovejoint. Thejointbetween thebricks in the length of the pipe may be a plainjoint, as in Figs. l, 2,3, 5, 6, or a lapjoint, as in Fig. 4. The principle of breaking allstraight joints in the cross-section of the pipe and in the length ofthe pipe is preferable, as carrying out more thoroughly the object ofmaking a more continuous protection against the passage of heat andperfection of adjustment in forming the pipe in place.

rlhe bricks should preferably be from three to six inches across inthickness, as compared with two to four inches for wood, in order thatthe air-space may be a large one and more effective. rlhe sides of thehollow brick should be about from one to two inches thick, according asthe material used is burned clay or porous terra-cotta, and the bricksshould be laid breaking joints, as in a wall, the joints being laid withcement. The bricks should preferably be about two feet long for rapidlaying, with fewjoints. rlhe bricks, after or before setting,

should be covered on the outside with a coat ofeoal-tar, asphalt, orother suitable substance,

as a preservative against humidity; or they may be glazed on the outsideby any of the well-known methods used for sewer-pipe. The

hollow brick invert, where used for drainage,= should not be glazed orcoated with waterproof covering.

The pipe of hollow bricks may be supported on a hollow-brick invert, D,laid in t-he bottom of the trench, and which is used for drainage, as inFigs. 4, 2, 3. In Fig. l the invert forms the lowest brick of the pipe.The pipe of hollow bricks may be made circular,square, egg-shaped, &c.,in section. Any of the insulating substances mentioned-mineral wool,Src-may be used around the iron pipe, ifdesired, between it and thehollow-brick pipe. By making the pipes in several pieces, as shown, withdifferent methods of producing the joints in both directions, theresulting structure is peculiarly adapted for the special application ofunderground work.

The system above described has the advantage of being equally applicableto insulating large or small pipe, of being less expensive,of lessaverage conduetibility and more durable than wood, and of being of lessconductibility than common brick conduits, capable of use where thelatter are not. Finally, a pipe is obtained which can be built to suitany circumstances, to allow for branches, serviceboxes, &e., and which,when made of hardburned hollow brick or of porous terracotta, &c.,consists of materials remarkable for their indestructibility. Further,owing to the terracotta pipe being air-tight, practically, theinfiltration of gases from leaks in gas-pipes laid in streets will notoccur, and thus the eX- plosions which have happened will be prevented.

Instead of porous terra-cotta, any other suitable material-such asartificial stones of cem ent, lime, sand, &c., coneretes of coal-tar,asphaltum, coke-dust, breeze, gravel, &e., light ioating brick ofinfusorial or silieious earth and clay or other materials, all incombination with any system of conveying in metal pipes steam, hot air,gas, hot water, smoke, &c., to a distance underground-may be used, butnot to the same advantage, the porous terra-cotta being, for the reasonsabove given, the preferred material, and being specifically claimedherein.

l. A easing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot water,hot air, gas, smoke, &c. composed of separatehollowpieces, made ofporous terra-cotta, jointed together. substantially as described.

2. A easing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot water,hot air, gas,

smoke, &c. composed of separate hollow pieces,

IOO

IIO

made of porous terra-cotta, jointed together by broken joints ortongue-and-groove joints or lap-joints in cross-section, substantiallyas dey scribed.

' 32 A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hotwater, hot air, gas, smoke, Sie. composed of separate hollow pieces,made of porous terra-cotta, jointed together by broken joints ortongue-and-groove joints or lap-joints in horizontal section,substantially as described.

4. A casing -for underground metalvpipes for con-veying steam, hotwater, hot air, gas, smoke, Snc. composed of separate hollow pieces,made of. porous terrac ott-a, jointed together by broken joints ortongue-and-groove joints or lap-joints in cross-section and inhorizontal section, substantially as described.

5. A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot water,hot air, gas, smoke, 8m; ,composed ofseparate hollowpieces, made lofburned clay or 'porous terra-cotta, jointed together, substantially asdescribed,

4 said casing and metal pipe being so combined as to forman air-spacebetween the metal pipe and the casing, substantially as described.

6. A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot water,hot air, gas,

- smoke, Sto., composed of separate hollow pieces, made of burned clayor porous terracotta, jointed together by broken joints ortongue-and-groove joints or lapj oints in crosssection, substantially asdescribed, said ca-sing and nietal pipe being so combined as to form anair-space between the metal pipe and the casing, substantially asdescribed. 7. A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam,hot water, hot air, gas, smoke, Src., composed of separate hollowpieces, made of burned clay or porous terracotta, jointed together bybroken joints or tongue-and-groove j oints or lap-joints in horizontalsection, substantially as' described, said casing and metal pipe beingso combined as to form an air-space between the metal pipe and thecasing, substantially as described.

8.- A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot water,hot air, gas, smoke, Src., composed of separate hollow pieces, made ofburned clay or porous terracotta, jointed together by broken joints ortongue-and-groove joints or lap -j oints in crosssection and inhorizontal section, substantially as described, said casing and metalpipe being so combined as to form an air-space between the metal pipeand the casing, substantially as described. j

9. In combination with a casing for metal underground pipes, an invert`for drainage, substantially as described.

10. A casing for-underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot water,h'ot. air, gas, smoke, 85o., composed of separate hollow pieces, made ofburned clay or porous terracotta, jointed together, and having an invertfor drainage, substantially as described.

11. A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot water,hot air, gas, smoke, the., composed of separate hollow pieces, made ofburned clay or porous terracotta, jointed together by broken joints ortongue-and-groove joints or lap-j oints in crosssection, and having aninvert for drainage,

' substantially as described.

l2. A vcasing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hotwater, hot air, gas, smoke, &c., composed of separate hollow pieces,made of burned clay or porous terracotta, jointed together 4by brokenjoints or tongue-and-groove joints or lap-jointsin horizontal section,and having an invert for drainage, substantially as described.

13. A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot water,hot air, gas, smoke, &c'. composed of separate hollow pieces, made ofburned clay or porousterra-cotta, j ointed together by broken joints ortongue-andgroove joints or lap-joints in cross-section and in horizontalsection, and having an invert for drainage, substantially as described'.

14. A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot'water,hot air, gas, smoke, &c. composed of separate hollow pieces, made ofburned clayjor porous terracotta, j ointed together, substantially asdescribed, said casing and metal pipe being so combined as to form anair-space between the metal pipe and the casing, and having an invertfor drainage,

sm oke,'&c. composed of separate hollow pieces,

made of burned clay or porous terra-cotta, j ointed together by brokenjoints or tongue-andgroovel j oints or lap-j oints in crosssection,substantially as described, said casing and metal pipe being so combinedas to form an air-space between the metal pipe'and the casing, andhaving an invert'for drainage, substantially as described. Y

16. A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam, hot water,hot air, gas, smoke, Snc. ,composed ofseparatehollow pieces, made ofburned clay or porous terracotta, jointed together by broken joints ortongue-andgroove joints or lap-joints in horizontalsection,substantially as described, said casing and metal pipe being so combinedas to form an air-space between the metal pipe and the casing, andhaving an invert for drainage, substantially as described.

17. A casing for underground metal pipes for conveying steam,vhot water,hot air, gas, smoke, Src. composed of separate hollow pieces, made ofburned clay or porous terra-cotta, j ointved together by broken jointsor tongue-and- IOO smoke, &e. composed ol'sepamL-e hollow pieces snrfaeecovered wit-h Coal-tar, asphalt, silicate' or brieksund havingmiinterioiiillingor hiyer paint7 glazing, oi' other water-prooiCovering, composed ol' non-conducting substance-such substantially asdesellbed.

us mineral wooloiplaster-orofnon-eoin'lnet- In testimony whereof I havesigned this 5 ing` and water-repelling substance-such as speei'lieabionin the presence oF two subserib- I5 hnnp-blaek-substznltially asdescribed. ing witnesses.

19. A easing for nmlergronnd metal pipes LEONARD F. BEGIVITH. foreonveyinf|` steznn, heb water, hot nir, gas, \Vit11esses: smoke, &e.,composedofsepmratehollowpieces B. F. Lian,

1o or bricks of porous terra-Colm, having their JOHN )[eCLURn.

